Abstract v
Acknowledgments vii
Acronyms ix
Main Issues 1
Recommendations 11
Recommendations for Immediate Action 11
Recommendations for Additional Studies 13
1. HIV/AIDS and Tuberculosis Globally 15
2. HIV/AIDS and Tuberculosis in Eastern Europe and Central Asia 17
3. The Bank’s Role on HIV/AIDS and Tuberculosis in Central Asia 23
4. Country Profile: Kazakhstan 25
HIV/AIDS Epidemiological Profile 26
Tuberculosis Epidemiological Profile 32
5. Country Profile: Kyrgyz Republic 39
HIV/AIDS Epidemiological Profile 40
Tuberculosis Epidemiological Profile 46
6. Country Profile: Tajikistan 51
HIV/AIDS Epidemiological Profile 52
Tuberculosis Epidemiological Profile 55
7. Country Profile: Turkmenistan 61
HIV/AIDS Epidemiological Profile 62
Tuberculosis Epidemiological Profile 65
8. Country Profile: Uzbekistan 69
HIV/AIDS Epidemiological Profile 70
Tuberculosis Epidemiological Profile 75
9. Conclusion 81
References 83
TABLES
Table 1 Rate of Growth of HIV Epidemic in Central Asia 2
Table 2 The HIV/AIDS Epidemic in Central Asia 2
Table 3 Newly Diagnosed HIV Infections in Central Asia 3
Table 4 TB Case Notification Rates (%) in Central Asia 6
Table 5 Population Coverage with DOTS 7
Table 6 Treatment Success 7
Table 7 HIV/AIDS and TB Worldwide in 2000 16
Table 8 HIV/AIDS in Kazakhstan 27
Table 9 Prison Populations, Facilities, and HIV Prevalence in Kazakhstan 28
Table 10 Tuberculosis Rates, Kazakhstan 33
Table 11 Tuberculosis in Prisons, Kazakhstan 33
Table 12 TB Prevalence Rates by Oblast 33
Table 13 Multiple-Drug Resistant Tuberculosis Surveillance (%), Kazakhstan 34
Table 14 TB Service Provision, Kazakhstan 35
Table 15 HIV/AIDS, Kyrgyz Republic 41
Table 16 Tuberculosis Rates, Krygyz 46
Table 17 TB in Prisons in the Kyrgyz Republic 47
Table 18 Reported TB cases, Kyrgyz Republic 48
Table 19 TB Services in the Kyrgyz Republic 49
Table 20 Partner Activities, Kyrgyz Republic 50
Table 21 Newly-diagnosed HIV Infections, Tajikistan 53
Table 22 Tuberculosis in Tajikistan 55
Table 23 TB Reporting Rate in Tajik Oblasts 56
Table 24 Partner Activity on TB Prevention and Control in Tajikistan 59
Table 25 Reported Tuberculosis Incidence and Mortality Rates in Turkmenistan 65
Table 26 TB in Turkmen Regions 66
Table 27 TB Treatment Success Rates, Dashoguz DOTS Pilot Project 66
Table 28 HIV/AIDS in Uzbekistan 71
Table 29 Tuberculosis Detection, Cases, Incidence, and Mortality in Uzbekistan 75
Table 30 Multiple Drug Resistant TB (%) in Uzbekistan 76
Table 31 Success Rates for TB Treatment, Karakalpakstan DOTS Pilot Area 77
Table 32 Treatment Outcomes for New Smear-Positive Cases Treated Under
DOTS in Uzbekistan 77
Table 33 NGO and Partner Activity on TB in Uzbekistan 78
FIGURES
Figure 1 Standardized TB Death Rates in Central Asia 1991–2000 21
Figure 2 TB Notification Rate (All Cases) in the Eastern Europe and
Central Asia Region, 1980–2000 22
Figure 3 HIV: New Cases in Kazakhstan 26
Figure 4 HIV: New Cases in Kyrgyz Republic 40
Figure 5 HIV: New Cases in Tajikistan 52
Figure 6 HIV: New Cases in Uzbekistan 70