CONTENTS
1.1 Basic Principles of Cardiac MRI 1
1.1.1 Introduction 1
1.1.2 The Nuclear-Spin Phenomenon,
T1 and T2 Relaxation 1
1.1.3 Slice Encoding, Phase Encoding, and
Frequency Encoding 2
1.1.4 N-space Geometry 4
1.1.5 Spin Echoes and Gradient Echoes 4
1.1.6 Parallel Imaging 6
1.2 Specific Measures in Cardiac MRI Sequences 9
1.2.1 Cardiac Motion 9
1.2.1.1 Synchronization with ECG 9
1.2.1.2 Prospective Triggering and
Retrospective Gating 9
1.2.1.3 Single-phase Imaging:
Timing Of Acquisition During Diastasis 10
1.2.1.4 Multiphase Acquisitions 11
1.2.1.5 Real-Time Dynamic MRI 12
1.2.2 Respiratory Motion 13
1.2.2.1 Respiratory Gating 13
1.2.2.2 Breath-Hold Cardiac MRI 13
1.2.2.3 Free-Breathing Navigator-Echo Acquisitions 14
1.3 Contrast Mechanisms in Cardiac MRI 15
1.3.1 T1- and T2-Weighted Techniques 15
1.3.2 Intracardiac Flow and Gradient-Echo
Acquisitions 16
1.3.3 Balanced Steady-State Free
Precession Sequences 18
1.3.4 Use of Preparation Pulses 19
1.3.4.1 Fat-Suppression Techniques 19
1.3.4.2 Saturation Bands 20
1.3.4.3 Saturation Recovery Pulses 20
1.3.4.4 Dark-Blood or PRESTO Inversion Prepulses 21
1.3.4.5 Contrast-Enhanced Inversion-Recovery MRI of
the Myocardium 22
1.4 Specific Protocols 23
1.4.1 Cardiac Morphology 23
1.4.2 Cardiac Function 24
1.4.3 Myocardial Perfusion 25
1.4.4 Myocardial Viability Assessment 26
1.4.5 MR Coronary Angiography 28
1.4.6 MR Angiography of Thoracic Vessels 29
Key Points 30
References 30

 

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